ARDMS Adult Echo Practice Exam

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• What happens to blood flow across the Foramen ovale after birth?
• Of the following, which valve is more resistant to regurgitation?
• At what point in the cardiac cycle is the left atrium at its greatest dimension?
• How many veins empty deoxygenated blood into the right atrium?
• What is the normal R:R Interval range in milliseconds?
• Where does pericardial fluid normally drain?
• Right Coronary Artery supplies blood to which of the following?
• What portion of the aorta is located from the valve annulus to the first branch?
• What occurs during the rapid filling phase of the cardiac cycle?
• Which segments does the LCX primarily supply?
• What is the normal range for cardiac stroke volume?
• Normally, how is the Interventricular Septum positioned in relation to the Right Ventricle?
• From which artery does the Posterior Descending Artery originate?
• Which chamber of the heart has the thickest muscular wall?
• Which wall segment of the Right Ventricle can be seen in a Subcostal 4 Chamber view?
• What is the average normal area of the Aortic Valve?
• Which of the following correctly describes the diastolic filling of the left ventricle?
• During which part of the cardiac cycle is the largest antegrade flow component seen on Doppler tracing of the hepatic veins?
• What is the normal mitral valve area?
• What is the significance of the Eustachian valve?
• When does blood move into the coronary arteries?
• The coronary sinus will dilate with an increase in which of the following?
• Which statement is true regarding blood volume in the ventricles during IVRT?
• The tricuspid valve opens before which valve?
• What is a primary determinant of coronary artery blood flow?
• When is Left Ventricular Pressure at its lowest?
• What is the name of the atrioventricular valve found in the left heart?
• Which cardiac chamber is involved in receiving oxygenated blood from the lungs?
• What areas does the RCA primarily feed?
• Which part of diastole is represented by the D - E - F portion of the Mitral Valve?
• Where is the Apical 4 Chamber view typically obtained from?
• The Endocardial Cushions are primarily involved in the formation of which cardiac structures?
• During the isovolumetric relaxation time (IVRT), what happens to the ventricular pressures?
• What is the main factor influencing stroke volume?
• What kind of muscle is found in the walls of the heart?
• In which structure is the crista terminalis located?
• Apical segments of the left ventricle are located between which two structures?
• In the PLAX view, where is the Coronary Sinus located?
• What is the normal duration of a QRS complex in milliseconds?
• Which portion of the aorta is located below the diaphragm?
• How many cusps does the aortic valve have?
• Which Left Ventricular walls are visualized in the Apical Four Chamber view?
• What connects the posteromedial papillary muscle to the mitral valve?
• During atrial contraction, what percentage of blood enters the ventricles?
• According to ASE guidelines, what is the top normal left ventricular wall thickness in a male?
• The coronary sinuses are located within which part of the heart?
• When does the incisura portion of the aortic pressure wave occur?
• Which wall of the Right Ventricle is observed in the Apical 4 Chamber view?
• What fetal cardiac shunt closes after birth?
• Which wall segments of the Right Ventricle are viewed in the Apical 4 Chamber View?
• What is the anatomical position of the heart tube during early development?
• Which aspect of coronary anatomy includes the base of the papillary muscle to the apex?
• Which coronary vessel courses through the anterior interventricular groove?
• The endocardial cushions contribute to the formation of which cardiac structure?
• What is the function of the moderator band in the heart?
• During which diastolic phase does Atrial Contraction occur?
• Which vein drains coronary blood from the apex and septum of the heart?
• The majority of right atrial filling occurs during which phase of respiration?
• Which walls of the left ventricle are demonstrated in the PLAX view?
• In fetal circulation, where is most blood flow directed away from?
• How does Bradycardia affect the filling time of ventricles?
• Which valves are located between the atria and ventricles in the heart?
• The right coronary artery primarily supplies which region of the heart?
• What structure is primarily involved with heart valve function?
• How many major hepatic veins are there?
• How does increased preload affect cardiac output?
• What structure provides a separation between the right and left atria?
• What structure courses through the Posterior Interventricular Groove?
• What marks the transition to diastasis during heart filling?
• What effect does the Valsalva Maneuver have on venous return?
• In which phase does normal flow in the coronary arteries occur?
• What is the role of the right coronary artery?
• Which valve closes after the mitral valve?
• What is typically represented just after the closure of the aortic valve?
• When is the blood volume in the right ventricle the lowest, allowing for the greatest volume of antegrade flow?
• What happens during systole of the heart?
• According to ASE guidelines, what is the top normal left ventricular wall thickness in a female?
• Which artery is commonly associated with the diabetic heart condition?
• When does systole of the heart occur?
• What type of muscle tissue is the myocardium primarily made of?
• The incisura portion of the aortic pressure occurs immediately after which action?
• What flap of tissue may be seen at the junction of the inferior vena cava and the right atrium?
• Central Venous Pressure is an indicator of pressure in which of the following?
• During what physiological condition is the right ventricle primarily filling with blood?
• Which coronary artery supplies the anterolateral papillary muscle?
• Which chamber of the heart is normally the largest?
• During which phase of the cardiac cycle is the aortic valve open?
• At the end of diastole, which chambers contain the most blood?
• Which part of the heart is referred to as the left atrioventricular groove?
• Where is the Coronary Sinus located?
• Which chamber of the heart has the thickest muscular walls?
• What is the widest portion of the heart referred to as?
• Which artery branches from the aorta first?
• What is the function of the Endocardial Cushions in cardiac development?
• When does the majority of pulmonary venous flow into the left atrium occur?
• Which Tricuspid Valve leaflets are visible in the PLAX view?
• Which papillary muscle receives blood supply from the RCA?
• Where are the basal wall segments of the left ventricle located?
• What marks the end of the rapid filling period in the heart?
• Which cardiac structure is affected by increased right atrial pressure?
• Blood flow volume changes in the body are primarily influenced by which two factors?
• The basal area of the left ventricle is defined at what anatomical level?
• When does diastole of the heart occur?
• Tall thin patients typically exhibit which axis alignment?
• What is a normal left ventricular response to stress echo?
• Which structure is known as the pacemaker of the heart?
• What is the primary role of the pectinate muscles in the heart?
• What percentage of blood moves into the ventricles during the rapid filling phase?
• What phase does the heart enter at the start of diastasis?
• What connects the mitral valve leaflets to the papillary muscles?
• Which wall of the left ventricle is commonly affected in patients with inferior wall myocardial infarction?
• In terms of positioning, which cardiac chamber is located most anteriorly?
• What effect does rapid ventricular relaxation have on filling the left ventricle?
• During which phase of the cardiac cycle does contraction occur in the IVCR period?
• What physiological action causes deformation of the pulmonary valve leading to an "A" wave on the M-mode tracing?
• What effect does Dobutamine have on the left ventricle?
• Akinsesis of the left ventricle is most likely associated with which coronary artery disease?
• When does the majority of pulmonary venous flow into the left atrium occur?
• What is the function of the aortic valve in the heart?
• Which vessel typically drains deoxygenated blood away from the heart muscle?
• Which cardiac chamber is primarily responsible for pumping deoxygenated blood to the lungs?
• What does functional LVOT refer to?
• What is the term for the slight bulge at the base of the aortic leaflet?
• Which structure is responsible for conducting electrical impulses in the heart?
• What does the Right Ventricular Systolic Pressure Measurement estimate?
• When is the Right Ventricle at its smallest dimension in the cardiac cycle?
• What causes a decrease in venous return toward the heart?
• What is the name of the small flap of tissue that protects the opening of the Coronary Sinus?
• Which cardiac chamber is the most posterior?
• What is indicated by a left ventricle ejection fraction above 55%?
• What is the function of the Eustachian valve in fetal circulation?
• During which phase of the cardiac cycle is the chamber pressure in all four chambers decreasing while maintaining constant volume?
• What does the Coronary Sinus drain into?
• Stroke Volume and Cardiac Output are influenced by which of the following factors?
• The RVSP measurement is primarily used to assess?
• Which of these factors affects Myocardial Contractility?
• In which view can the Tricuspid's Posterior Leaflet be seen?
• Which structure separates the left atrium from the left ventricle?
• Which aortic arch forms the Aortic Arch during embryologic development of the heart?
• The right ventricle receives its blood supply primarily from which artery?
• What primarily occurs during early diastole?
• What does the R:R interval measure in cardiac assessments?
• Which valve opens before and closes after the mitral valve?
• Where is the Lateral Right Ventricular Wall Segment specifically viewed?
• Which structure separates the two atria in the heart?
• What phase of diastole does Bradycardia lead to a longer duration?
• In a normal heart, which of the following veins empties into the coronary sinus?
• What is typically demonstrated as an anechoic space posterior to the heart?
• Where is the oblique sinus located in relation to the heart?
• What is the primary role of the Left Atrium during the cardiac cycle?
• In which view is the Inferior RV Wall Segment commonly assessed?
• Which valve location is more anterior to the Descending Aorta?
• What is the normal fractional shortening of the left ventricle?
• Which cardiac structure receives blood from the superior and inferior vena cava?
• Ventricular filling occurs in how many phases?
• Which of the following accurately describes the contraction phase of the ventricles?
• Obese patients are more likely to have which axis orientation?
• Which vessel drains the coronary blood from the right ventricle?
• What do mid segments of the left ventricle include?
• What regions does the LAD supply blood to?
• What is defined as a part of fetal circulation that connects the pulmonary artery and the descending aorta?
• what artery courses through the Anterior Interventricular Groove?
• What is primarily happening to the ventricles during diastole?
• During which phase does the left atrium fill with blood?
• Compared to other heart valves, the Pulmonic Valve is considered to be the most?
• What is an Epicardial Fat Pad?
• What is the primary role of the right atrium in the heart?
• Which vessel drains the coronary blood from the right ventricle?
• Aortic Isthmus refers to which segment?
• What does S1 mark the onset of?
• During which phase does the left ventricle receive the majority of its blood volume?
• Which structure acts as an internal ridge in the right atrium?
• Which aortic valve leaflet is closest to the interatrial septum?
• Tricuspid valve flow normally does what with inspiration?
• The posteromedial papillary muscle is primarily supplied by which coronary artery?
• What great vessel connects to the right atrium and drains blood from the upper right extremities, neck and head?
• Which valve allows blood to flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle?
• What provides support to the walls of the atria?
• What is the epicardium commonly referred to as?
• Which vessel does not empty blood into the right atrium?
• Which heart sound marks the onset of systole?
• The Left Ventricular Outflow Tract (LVOT) supplies blood to which of the following?
• Which layer of the pericardium is also known as the epicardium?
• What is the effect of increased Afterload on the cardiac cycle?
• The waveforms seen in the Doppler tracing of the hepatic veins are primarily derived from which physiological phase?
• What happens to the pressure in the ventricles when they relax?
• What anatomical structure is located between the Right Atrium and Right Ventricle?
• Which chambers of the heart fill with blood during the Q - T Interval?
• What physiological change is essential for the mitral valve to open during diastole?
• What role does the peripheral resistance play in cardiovascular dynamics?
• During which phase does the Right Ventricle fill with blood?
• Which structure connects the ascending aorta and the pulmonary artery during fetal circulation?
• What facilitates the contraction of the atrial appendage?
• What serves as the structural framework for the heart?
• What is the normal response of diastolic function of the left ventricle during exercise testing?
• What heart sound marks the start of diastole?
• What occurs during the rapid filling phase of the left ventricle?
• What does the S1 heart sound signify?
• The pericardial space is found between which two layers of the cardiac wall?
• The majority of the right atrial filling occurs during which phase of respiration?
• In the cardiac cycle, which phase leads to a rise in ventricular pressure?
• How many segments is the left ventricle divided into when assessing wall motion at the basal level?
• What views of the Left Ventricle are demonstrated in the PLAX view?
• What occurs during the diastole of the heart?
• The Parietal Layer of the Pericardium is composed of which structure?
• Which coronary artery courses through the posterior interventricular groove?
• During which phase of the cardiac cycle are the atria primarily emptying?
• The left circumflex artery courses through which groove?
• The S2 heart sound corresponds to the closure of which valves?
• What percentage of ventricular filling occurs with atrial contraction?
• What is the main characteristic of the epicardium layer of the heart?
• The majority of blood ejected from the left atrium to the left ventricle occurs during which phase?
• What is the normal ejection fraction of the left ventricle?
• The infundibulum is part of which anatomical structure in the heart?